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docs: 完成所有文档的中文翻译并应用到项目
This commit is contained in:
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
|
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---
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name: golang-patterns
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description: Idiomatic Go patterns, best practices, and conventions for building robust, efficient, and maintainable Go applications.
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description: Go 语言惯用模式、最佳实践以及构建健壮、高效且可维护 Go 应用程序的规范。
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---
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# Go Development Patterns
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# Go 开发模式
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Idiomatic Go patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable applications.
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用于构建健壮、高效且可维护应用程序的惯用 Go 模式和最佳实践。
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## When to Activate
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## 何时激活
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- Writing new Go code
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- Reviewing Go code
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- Refactoring existing Go code
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- Designing Go packages/modules
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- 编写新的 Go 代码时
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- 审查 Go 代码时
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- 重构现有的 Go 代码时
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- 设计 Go 包(Package)/ 模块(Module)时
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## Core Principles
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## 核心原则
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### 1. Simplicity and Clarity
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### 1. 简单与清晰
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Go favors simplicity over cleverness. Code should be obvious and easy to read.
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Go 倾向于简单而非巧妙。代码应当直观且易于阅读。
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```go
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// Good: Clear and direct
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// 推荐:清晰且直接
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func GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
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user, err := db.FindUser(id)
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if err != nil {
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@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
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return user, nil
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}
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// Bad: Overly clever
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// 不推荐:过于巧妙
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func GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
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return func() (*User, error) {
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if u, e := db.FindUser(id); e == nil {
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@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ func GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
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}
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```
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### 2. Make the Zero Value Useful
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### 2. 使零值(Zero Value)有用
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Design types so their zero value is immediately usable without initialization.
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设计类型时,使其零值在无需显式初始化的情况下即可直接使用。
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```go
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// Good: Zero value is useful
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// 推荐:零值是有用的
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type Counter struct {
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mu sync.Mutex
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count int // zero value is 0, ready to use
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count int // 零值为 0,可以直接使用
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}
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func (c *Counter) Inc() {
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@@ -59,22 +59,22 @@ func (c *Counter) Inc() {
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c.mu.Unlock()
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}
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// Good: bytes.Buffer works with zero value
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// 推荐:bytes.Buffer 的零值即可工作
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var buf bytes.Buffer
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buf.WriteString("hello")
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// Bad: Requires initialization
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// 不推荐:需要显式初始化
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type BadCounter struct {
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counts map[string]int // nil map will panic
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counts map[string]int // nil map 会引发 panic
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}
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```
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### 3. Accept Interfaces, Return Structs
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### 3. 接受接口,返回结构体
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Functions should accept interface parameters and return concrete types.
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函数应当接受接口(Interface)参数并返回具体类型(Concrete Type)。
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```go
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// Good: Accepts interface, returns concrete type
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// 推荐:接受接口,返回具体类型
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func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (*Result, error) {
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data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
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if err != nil {
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@@ -83,18 +83,18 @@ func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (*Result, error) {
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return &Result{Data: data}, nil
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}
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// Bad: Returns interface (hides implementation details unnecessarily)
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// 不推荐:返回接口(无谓地隐藏了实现细节)
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func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
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// ...
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}
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```
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## Error Handling Patterns
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## 错误处理模式
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### Error Wrapping with Context
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### 带上下文的错误包装(Error Wrapping)
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```go
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// Good: Wrap errors with context
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// 推荐:使用上下文包装错误
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func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
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data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
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if err != nil {
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@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
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}
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```
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### Custom Error Types
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### 自定义错误类型
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```go
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// Define domain-specific errors
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// 定义领域特定的错误
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type ValidationError struct {
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Field string
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Message string
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@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
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return fmt.Sprintf("validation failed on %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
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}
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// Sentinel errors for common cases
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// 常见场景的哨兵错误(Sentinel errors)
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var (
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ErrNotFound = errors.New("resource not found")
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ErrUnauthorized = errors.New("unauthorized")
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@@ -131,17 +131,17 @@ var (
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)
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```
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### Error Checking with errors.Is and errors.As
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### 使用 errors.Is 和 errors.As 进行错误检查
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```go
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func HandleError(err error) {
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// Check for specific error
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// 检查特定错误
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if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
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log.Println("No records found")
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return
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}
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// Check for error type
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// 检查错误类型
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var validationErr *ValidationError
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if errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
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log.Printf("Validation error on field %s: %s",
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@@ -149,30 +149,30 @@ func HandleError(err error) {
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return
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}
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// Unknown error
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// 未知错误
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log.Printf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
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}
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```
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### Never Ignore Errors
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### 绝不忽略错误
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```go
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// Bad: Ignoring error with blank identifier
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// 不推荐:使用空白标识符忽略错误
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result, _ := doSomething()
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// Good: Handle or explicitly document why it's safe to ignore
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// 推荐:处理错误,或显式记录为何忽略是安全的
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result, err := doSomething()
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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// Acceptable: When error truly doesn't matter (rare)
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_ = writer.Close() // Best-effort cleanup, error logged elsewhere
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// 可接受:当错误确实无关紧要时(少见)
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_ = writer.Close() // 尽力清理,错误会在别处记录
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```
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## Concurrency Patterns
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## 并发模式
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### Worker Pool
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### 工作池(Worker Pool)
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```go
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func WorkerPool(jobs <-chan Job, results chan<- Result, numWorkers int) {
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@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func WorkerPool(jobs <-chan Job, results chan<- Result, numWorkers int) {
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}
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```
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### Context for Cancellation and Timeouts
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### 用于取消和超时的上下文(Context)
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```go
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func FetchWithTimeout(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]byte, error) {
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@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func FetchWithTimeout(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]byte, error) {
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}
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```
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### Graceful Shutdown
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### 优雅停机(Graceful Shutdown)
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```go
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func GracefulShutdown(server *http.Server) {
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@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ func GracefulShutdown(server *http.Server) {
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}
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```
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### errgroup for Coordinated Goroutines
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### 用于协调 Goroutine 的 errgroup
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```go
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import "golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
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@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ func FetchAll(ctx context.Context, urls []string) ([][]byte, error) {
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results := make([][]byte, len(urls))
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for i, url := range urls {
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i, url := i, url // Capture loop variables
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i, url := i, url // 捕获循环变量
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g.Go(func() error {
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data, err := FetchWithTimeout(ctx, url)
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if err != nil {
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@@ -264,22 +264,22 @@ func FetchAll(ctx context.Context, urls []string) ([][]byte, error) {
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}
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```
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### Avoiding Goroutine Leaks
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### 避免 Goroutine 泄漏
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```go
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// Bad: Goroutine leak if context is cancelled
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// 不推荐:如果上下文被取消,会发生 Goroutine 泄漏
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func leakyFetch(ctx context.Context, url string) <-chan []byte {
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ch := make(chan []byte)
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go func() {
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data, _ := fetch(url)
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ch <- data // Blocks forever if no receiver
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ch <- data // 如果没有接收者,将永久阻塞
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}()
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return ch
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}
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// Good: Properly handles cancellation
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// 推荐:正确处理取消信号
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func safeFetch(ctx context.Context, url string) <-chan []byte {
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ch := make(chan []byte, 1) // Buffered channel
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ch := make(chan []byte, 1) // 缓冲通道
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go func() {
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data, err := fetch(url)
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if err != nil {
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@@ -294,12 +294,12 @@ func safeFetch(ctx context.Context, url string) <-chan []byte {
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}
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```
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## Interface Design
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## 接口设计
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### Small, Focused Interfaces
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||||
### 小巧、专注的接口
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```go
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// Good: Single-method interfaces
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||||
// 推荐:单方法接口
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||||
type Reader interface {
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||||
Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
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}
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@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ type Closer interface {
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||||
Close() error
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}
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// Compose interfaces as needed
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||||
// 根据需要组合接口
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||||
type ReadWriteCloser interface {
|
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Reader
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Writer
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||||
@@ -320,13 +320,13 @@ type ReadWriteCloser interface {
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||||
}
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||||
```
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||||
### Define Interfaces Where They're Used
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||||
### 在使用处定义接口
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||||
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||||
```go
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||||
// In the consumer package, not the provider
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||||
// 在消费者(Consumer)包中定义,而非提供者包中
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||||
package service
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||||
|
||||
// UserStore defines what this service needs
|
||||
// UserStore 定义了此服务所需的功能
|
||||
type UserStore interface {
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||||
GetUser(id string) (*User, error)
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||||
SaveUser(user *User) error
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||||
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ type Service struct {
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||||
store UserStore
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||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Concrete implementation can be in another package
|
||||
// It doesn't need to know about this interface
|
||||
// 具体实现可以在另一个包中
|
||||
// 它不需要知道此接口的存在
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Optional Behavior with Type Assertions
|
||||
### 通过类型断言(Type Assertion)实现可选行为
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
type Flusher interface {
|
||||
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ func WriteAndFlush(w io.Writer, data []byte) error {
|
||||
return err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Flush if supported
|
||||
// 如果支持则执行 Flush
|
||||
if f, ok := w.(Flusher); ok {
|
||||
return f.Flush()
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -360,55 +360,55 @@ func WriteAndFlush(w io.Writer, data []byte) error {
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Package Organization
|
||||
## 包组织结构
|
||||
|
||||
### Standard Project Layout
|
||||
### 标准项目布局
|
||||
|
||||
```text
|
||||
myproject/
|
||||
├── cmd/
|
||||
│ └── myapp/
|
||||
│ └── main.go # Entry point
|
||||
│ └── main.go # 入口点
|
||||
├── internal/
|
||||
│ ├── handler/ # HTTP handlers
|
||||
│ ├── service/ # Business logic
|
||||
│ ├── repository/ # Data access
|
||||
│ └── config/ # Configuration
|
||||
│ ├── handler/ # HTTP 处理器
|
||||
│ ├── service/ # 业务逻辑
|
||||
│ ├── repository/ # 数据访问
|
||||
│ └── config/ # 配置
|
||||
├── pkg/
|
||||
│ └── client/ # Public API client
|
||||
│ └── client/ # 公共 API 客户端
|
||||
├── api/
|
||||
│ └── v1/ # API definitions (proto, OpenAPI)
|
||||
├── testdata/ # Test fixtures
|
||||
│ └── v1/ # API 定义 (proto, OpenAPI)
|
||||
├── testdata/ # 测试固定装置 (Fixtures)
|
||||
├── go.mod
|
||||
├── go.sum
|
||||
└── Makefile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Package Naming
|
||||
### 包命名
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// Good: Short, lowercase, no underscores
|
||||
// 推荐:短小、小写、无下划线
|
||||
package http
|
||||
package json
|
||||
package user
|
||||
|
||||
// Bad: Verbose, mixed case, or redundant
|
||||
// 不推荐:冗长、混合大小写或冗余
|
||||
package httpHandler
|
||||
package json_parser
|
||||
package userService // Redundant 'Service' suffix
|
||||
package userService // 冗余的 'Service' 后缀
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Avoid Package-Level State
|
||||
### 避免包级别状态
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// Bad: Global mutable state
|
||||
// 不推荐:全局可变状态
|
||||
var db *sql.DB
|
||||
|
||||
func init() {
|
||||
db, _ = sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("DATABASE_URL"))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Good: Dependency injection
|
||||
// 推荐:依赖注入(Dependency Injection)
|
||||
type Server struct {
|
||||
db *sql.DB
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -418,9 +418,9 @@ func NewServer(db *sql.DB) *Server {
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Struct Design
|
||||
## 结构体设计
|
||||
|
||||
### Functional Options Pattern
|
||||
### 函数式选项模式(Functional Options Pattern)
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
type Server struct {
|
||||
@@ -446,8 +446,8 @@ func WithLogger(l *log.Logger) Option {
|
||||
func NewServer(addr string, opts ...Option) *Server {
|
||||
s := &Server{
|
||||
addr: addr,
|
||||
timeout: 30 * time.Second, // default
|
||||
logger: log.Default(), // default
|
||||
timeout: 30 * time.Second, // 默认值
|
||||
logger: log.Default(), // 默认值
|
||||
}
|
||||
for _, opt := range opts {
|
||||
opt(s)
|
||||
@@ -455,14 +455,14 @@ func NewServer(addr string, opts ...Option) *Server {
|
||||
return s
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
// 使用方式
|
||||
server := NewServer(":8080",
|
||||
WithTimeout(60*time.Second),
|
||||
WithLogger(customLogger),
|
||||
)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Embedding for Composition
|
||||
### 通过嵌入(Embedding)实现组合
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
type Logger struct {
|
||||
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Log(msg string) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type Server struct {
|
||||
*Logger // Embedding - Server gets Log method
|
||||
*Logger // 嵌入 - Server 获得了 Log 方法
|
||||
addr string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -485,17 +485,17 @@ func NewServer(addr string) *Server {
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
// 使用方式
|
||||
s := NewServer(":8080")
|
||||
s.Log("Starting...") // Calls embedded Logger.Log
|
||||
s.Log("Starting...") // 调用嵌入的 Logger.Log
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Memory and Performance
|
||||
## 内存与性能
|
||||
|
||||
### Preallocate Slices When Size is Known
|
||||
### 在已知大小时预分配切片(Slice)
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// Bad: Grows slice multiple times
|
||||
// 不推荐:多次扩容切片
|
||||
func processItems(items []Item) []Result {
|
||||
var results []Result
|
||||
for _, item := range items {
|
||||
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ func processItems(items []Item) []Result {
|
||||
return results
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Good: Single allocation
|
||||
// 推荐:单次分配
|
||||
func processItems(items []Item) []Result {
|
||||
results := make([]Result, 0, len(items))
|
||||
for _, item := range items {
|
||||
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ func processItems(items []Item) []Result {
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Use sync.Pool for Frequent Allocations
|
||||
### 对频繁分配的对象使用 sync.Pool
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
var bufferPool = sync.Pool{
|
||||
@@ -531,15 +531,15 @@ func ProcessRequest(data []byte) []byte {
|
||||
}()
|
||||
|
||||
buf.Write(data)
|
||||
// Process...
|
||||
// 处理过程...
|
||||
return buf.Bytes()
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Avoid String Concatenation in Loops
|
||||
### 避免在循环中进行字符串拼接
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// Bad: Creates many string allocations
|
||||
// 不推荐:产生大量的字符串分配
|
||||
func join(parts []string) string {
|
||||
var result string
|
||||
for _, p := range parts {
|
||||
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ func join(parts []string) string {
|
||||
return result
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Good: Single allocation with strings.Builder
|
||||
// 推荐:使用 strings.Builder 进行单次分配
|
||||
func join(parts []string) string {
|
||||
var sb strings.Builder
|
||||
for i, p := range parts {
|
||||
@@ -560,41 +560,41 @@ func join(parts []string) string {
|
||||
return sb.String()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Best: Use standard library
|
||||
// 最佳:使用标准库
|
||||
func join(parts []string) string {
|
||||
return strings.Join(parts, ",")
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Go Tooling Integration
|
||||
## Go 工具链集成
|
||||
|
||||
### Essential Commands
|
||||
### 核心命令
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Build and run
|
||||
# 构建并运行
|
||||
go build ./...
|
||||
go run ./cmd/myapp
|
||||
|
||||
# Testing
|
||||
# 测试
|
||||
go test ./...
|
||||
go test -race ./...
|
||||
go test -cover ./...
|
||||
|
||||
# Static analysis
|
||||
# 静态分析
|
||||
go vet ./...
|
||||
staticcheck ./...
|
||||
golangci-lint run
|
||||
|
||||
# Module management
|
||||
# 模块管理
|
||||
go mod tidy
|
||||
go mod verify
|
||||
|
||||
# Formatting
|
||||
# 格式化
|
||||
gofmt -w .
|
||||
goimports -w .
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Recommended Linter Configuration (.golangci.yml)
|
||||
### 推荐的 Linter 配置 (.golangci.yml)
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
linters:
|
||||
@@ -621,53 +621,55 @@ issues:
|
||||
exclude-use-default: false
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Quick Reference: Go Idioms
|
||||
## 快速参考:Go 习语(Idioms)
|
||||
|
||||
| Idiom | Description |
|
||||
| 习语 | 说明 |
|
||||
|-------|-------------|
|
||||
| Accept interfaces, return structs | Functions accept interface params, return concrete types |
|
||||
| Errors are values | Treat errors as first-class values, not exceptions |
|
||||
| Don't communicate by sharing memory | Use channels for coordination between goroutines |
|
||||
| Make the zero value useful | Types should work without explicit initialization |
|
||||
| A little copying is better than a little dependency | Avoid unnecessary external dependencies |
|
||||
| Clear is better than clever | Prioritize readability over cleverness |
|
||||
| gofmt is no one's favorite but everyone's friend | Always format with gofmt/goimports |
|
||||
| Return early | Handle errors first, keep happy path unindented |
|
||||
| 接受接口,返回结构体 | 函数接受接口参数,返回具体类型 |
|
||||
| 错误即值 (Errors are values) | 将错误视为一等公民,而非异常 |
|
||||
| 不要通过共享内存来通信 | 使用通道(Channel)在 Goroutine 之间进行协调 |
|
||||
| 使零值有用 | 类型应当在无需显式初始化的情况下即可工作 |
|
||||
| 少量的拷贝优于少量的依赖 | 避免不必要的外部依赖 |
|
||||
| 清晰优于巧妙 | 优先考虑可读性而非技巧 |
|
||||
| gofmt 并非谁的最爱,但却是每个人的朋友 | 始终使用 gofmt/goimports 进行格式化 |
|
||||
| 尽早返回 (Return early) | 先处理错误,保持“快乐路径”无缩进 |
|
||||
|
||||
## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
|
||||
## 应避免的反模式(Anti-Patterns)
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// Bad: Naked returns in long functions
|
||||
// 不推荐:在长函数中使用裸返回 (Naked returns)
|
||||
func process() (result int, err error) {
|
||||
// ... 50 lines ...
|
||||
return // What is being returned?
|
||||
// ... 50 行代码 ...
|
||||
return // 返回的是什么?
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Bad: Using panic for control flow
|
||||
// 不推荐:使用 panic 进行控制流转
|
||||
func GetUser(id string) *User {
|
||||
user, err := db.Find(id)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
panic(err) // Don't do this
|
||||
panic(err) // 不要这样做
|
||||
}
|
||||
return user
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Bad: Passing context in struct
|
||||
// 不推荐:在结构体中传递上下文 (Context)
|
||||
type Request struct {
|
||||
ctx context.Context // Context should be first param
|
||||
ctx context.Context // Context 应当作为第一个参数
|
||||
ID string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Good: Context as first parameter
|
||||
// 推荐:将上下文作为第一个参数
|
||||
func ProcessRequest(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
|
||||
// ...
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Bad: Mixing value and pointer receivers
|
||||
type Counter struct{ n int }
|
||||
func (c Counter) Value() int { return c.n } // Value receiver
|
||||
func (c *Counter) Increment() { c.n++ } // Pointer receiver
|
||||
// Pick one style and be consistent
|
||||
// 不推荐:混合使用值接收者和指针接收者
|
||||
type Counter{ n int }
|
||||
func (c Counter) Value() int { return c.n } // 值接收者
|
||||
func (c *Counter) Increment() { c.n++ } // 指针接收者
|
||||
// 请选择一种风格并保持一致
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Remember**: Go code should be boring in the best way - predictable, consistent, and easy to understand. When in doubt, keep it simple.
|
||||
**记住**:Go 代码应当以一种“最乏味”的方式呈现——它是可预测的、一致的且易于理解的。如有疑问,请保持简单。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user