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735 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
735 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
---
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name: django-patterns
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description: Django 架构模式、使用 DRF 的 REST API 设计、ORM 最佳实践、缓存、信号（Signals）、中间件（Middleware）以及生产级 Django 应用。
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---
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# Django 开发模式
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适用于可扩展、可维护应用程序的生产级 Django 架构模式。
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## 何时激活
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- 构建 Django Web 应用程序时
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- 设计 Django REST Framework (DRF) API 时
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- 处理 Django ORM 和模型时
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- 设置 Django 项目结构时
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- 实现缓存（Caching）、信号（Signals）、中间件（Middleware）时
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## 项目结构
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### 推荐布局
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```
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myproject/
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├── config/
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│ ├── __init__.py
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│ ├── settings/
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│ │ ├── __init__.py
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│ │ ├── base.py # 基础设置
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│ │ ├── development.py # 开发环境设置
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│ │ ├── production.py # 生产环境设置
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│ │ └── test.py # 测试环境设置
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│ ├── urls.py
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│ ├── wsgi.py
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│ └── asgi.py
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├── manage.py
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└── apps/
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├── __init__.py
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├── users/
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│ ├── __init__.py
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│ ├── models.py
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│ ├── views.py
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│ ├── serializers.py
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│ ├── urls.py
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│ ├── permissions.py
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│ ├── filters.py
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│ ├── services.py
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│ └── tests/
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└── products/
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└── ...
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```
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### 分离设置模式（Split Settings Pattern）
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```python
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# config/settings/base.py
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from pathlib import Path
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BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
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SECRET_KEY = env('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
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DEBUG = False
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ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
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INSTALLED_APPS = [
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'django.contrib.admin',
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'django.contrib.auth',
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'django.contrib.contenttypes',
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'django.contrib.sessions',
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'django.contrib.messages',
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'django.contrib.staticfiles',
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'rest_framework',
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'rest_framework.authtoken',
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'corsheaders',
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# 本地应用
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'apps.users',
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'apps.products',
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]
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MIDDLEWARE = [
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'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
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'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware',
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'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
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'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
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'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
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'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
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'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
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'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
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'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
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]
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ROOT_URLCONF = 'config.urls'
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WSGI_APPLICATION = 'config.wsgi.application'
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DATABASES = {
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'default': {
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'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
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'NAME': env('DB_NAME'),
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'USER': env('DB_USER'),
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'PASSWORD': env('DB_PASSWORD'),
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'HOST': env('DB_HOST'),
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'PORT': env('DB_PORT', default='5432'),
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}
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}
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# config/settings/development.py
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from .base import *
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DEBUG = True
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ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1']
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DATABASES['default']['NAME'] = 'myproject_dev'
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INSTALLED_APPS += ['debug_toolbar']
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MIDDLEWARE += ['debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware']
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EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
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# config/settings/production.py
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from .base import *
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DEBUG = False
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ALLOWED_HOSTS = env.list('ALLOWED_HOSTS')
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SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
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SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
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CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
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SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000
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SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
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SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
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# 日志配置
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LOGGING = {
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'version': 1,
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'disable_existing_loggers': False,
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'handlers': {
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'file': {
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'level': 'WARNING',
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'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
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'filename': '/var/log/django/django.log',
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},
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},
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'loggers': {
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'django': {
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'handlers': ['file'],
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'level': 'WARNING',
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'propagate': True,
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},
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},
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}
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```
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## 模型设计模式
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### 模型最佳实践
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```python
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from django.db import models
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from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
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from django.core.validators import MinValueValidator, MaxValueValidator
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class User(AbstractUser):
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"""扩展 AbstractUser 的自定义用户模型。"""
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email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
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phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
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birth_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
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USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
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REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username']
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class Meta:
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db_table = 'users'
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verbose_name = 'user'
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verbose_name_plural = 'users'
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ordering = ['-date_joined']
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def __str__(self):
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return self.email
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def get_full_name(self):
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return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}".strip()
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class Product(models.Model):
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"""带有适当字段配置的产品模型。"""
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name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
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slug = models.SlugField(unique=True, max_length=250)
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description = models.TextField(blank=True)
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price = models.DecimalField(
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max_digits=10,
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decimal_places=2,
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validators=[MinValueValidator(0)]
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)
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stock = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
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is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
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category = models.ForeignKey(
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'Category',
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on_delete=models.CASCADE,
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related_name='products'
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)
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tags = models.ManyToManyField('Tag', blank=True, related_name='products')
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created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
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updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
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class Meta:
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db_table = 'products'
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ordering = ['-created_at']
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indexes = [
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models.Index(fields=['slug']),
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models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
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models.Index(fields=['category', 'is_active']),
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]
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constraints = [
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models.CheckConstraint(
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check=models.Q(price__gte=0),
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name='price_non_negative'
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)
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]
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def __str__(self):
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return self.name
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def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
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if not self.slug:
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self.slug = slugify(self.name)
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super().save(*args, **kwargs)
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```
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### QuerySet 最佳实践
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```python
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from django.db import models
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class ProductQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
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"""Product 模型的自定义 QuerySet。"""
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def active(self):
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"""仅返回已激活的产品。"""
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return self.filter(is_active=True)
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def with_category(self):
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"""使用 select_related 加载分类，避免 N+1 查询。"""
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return self.select_related('category')
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def with_tags(self):
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"""使用 prefetch_related 预加载多对多关系的标签。"""
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return self.prefetch_related('tags')
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def in_stock(self):
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"""返回库存 > 0 的产品。"""
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return self.filter(stock__gt=0)
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def search(self, query):
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"""按名称或描述搜索产品。"""
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return self.filter(
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models.Q(name__icontains=query) |
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models.Q(description__icontains=query)
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)
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class Product(models.Model):
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# ... 字段 ...
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objects = ProductQuerySet.as_manager() # 使用自定义 QuerySet
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# 用法
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Product.objects.active().with_category().in_stock()
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```
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### 管理器（Manager）方法
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```python
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class ProductManager(models.Manager):
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"""用于复杂查询的自定义管理器。"""
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def get_or_none(self, **kwargs):
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"""返回对象，或者在不存在时返回 None 而不是抛出 DoesNotExist。"""
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try:
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return self.get(**kwargs)
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except self.model.DoesNotExist:
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return None
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def create_with_tags(self, name, price, tag_names):
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"""创建产品并关联标签。"""
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product = self.create(name=name, price=price)
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tags = [Tag.objects.get_or_create(name=name)[0] for name in tag_names]
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product.tags.set(tags)
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return product
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def bulk_update_stock(self, product_ids, quantity):
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"""批量更新多个产品的库存。"""
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return self.filter(id__in=product_ids).update(stock=quantity)
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# 在模型中
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class Product(models.Model):
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# ... 字段 ...
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custom = ProductManager()
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```
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## Django REST Framework 模式
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### 序列化器（Serializer）模式
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```python
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from rest_framework import serializers
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from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import validate_password
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from .models import Product, User
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class ProductSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
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"""Product 模型的序列化器。"""
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category_name = serializers.CharField(source='category.name', read_only=True)
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average_rating = serializers.FloatField(read_only=True)
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discount_price = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
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class Meta:
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model = Product
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fields = [
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'id', 'name', 'slug', 'description', 'price',
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'discount_price', 'stock', 'category_name',
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'average_rating', 'created_at'
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]
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read_only_fields = ['id', 'slug', 'created_at']
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def get_discount_price(self, obj):
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"""如果适用，计算折扣价。"""
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if hasattr(obj, 'discount') and obj.discount:
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return obj.price * (1 - obj.discount.percent / 100)
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return obj.price
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def validate_price(self, value):
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"""确保价格非负。"""
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if value < 0:
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raise serializers.ValidationError("价格不能为负数。")
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return value
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class ProductCreateSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
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"""用于创建产品的序列化器。"""
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class Meta:
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model = Product
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fields = ['name', 'description', 'price', 'stock', 'category']
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def validate(self, data):
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"""多字段的自定义校验。"""
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if data['price'] > 10000 and data['stock'] > 100:
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raise serializers.ValidationError(
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"高价值产品不能有大量库存。"
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)
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return data
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class UserRegistrationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
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"""用户注册序列化器。"""
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password = serializers.CharField(
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write_only=True,
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required=True,
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validators=[validate_password],
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style={'input_type': 'password'}
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)
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password_confirm = serializers.CharField(write_only=True, style={'input_type': 'password'})
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class Meta:
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model = User
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fields = ['email', 'username', 'password', 'password_confirm']
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def validate(self, data):
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"""校验两次输入的密码是否一致。"""
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if data['password'] != data['password_confirm']:
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raise serializers.ValidationError({
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"password_confirm": "密码字段不匹配。"
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})
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return data
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def create(self, validated_data):
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"""创建并保存加密后的密码。"""
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validated_data.pop('password_confirm')
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password = validated_data.pop('password')
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user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)
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user.set_password(password)
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user.save()
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return user
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```
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### 视图集（ViewSet）模式
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```python
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from rest_framework import viewsets, status, filters
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from rest_framework.decorators import action
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from rest_framework.response import Response
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from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser
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from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
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from .models import Product
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from .serializers import ProductSerializer, ProductCreateSerializer
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from .permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly
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from .filters import ProductFilter
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from .filters import ProductFilter
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from .services import ProductService
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class ProductViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
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"""Product 模型的视图集。"""
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queryset = Product.objects.select_related('category').prefetch_related('tags')
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permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated, IsOwnerOrReadOnly]
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filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend, filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter]
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filterset_class = ProductFilter
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search_fields = ['name', 'description']
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ordering_fields = ['price', 'created_at', 'name']
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ordering = ['-created_at']
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def get_serializer_class(self):
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"""根据操作（action）返回适当的序列化器类。"""
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if self.action == 'create':
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return ProductCreateSerializer
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return ProductSerializer
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def perform_create(self, serializer):
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"""在保存时关联当前用户上下文。"""
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serializer.save(created_by=self.request.user)
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@action(detail=False, methods=['get'])
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def featured(self, request):
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"""返回推荐产品。"""
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featured = self.queryset.filter(is_featured=True)[:10]
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serializer = self.get_serializer(featured, many=True)
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return Response(serializer.data)
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@action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
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def purchase(self, request, pk=None):
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"""购买产品。"""
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product = self.get_object()
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service = ProductService()
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result = service.purchase(product, request.user)
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return Response(result, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
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@action(detail=False, methods=['get'], permission_classes=[IsAuthenticated])
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def my_products(self, request):
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"""返回由当前用户创建的产品。"""
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products = self.queryset.filter(created_by=request.user)
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page = self.paginate_queryset(products)
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serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
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return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
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```
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### 自定义操作
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```python
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from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes
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from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
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from rest_framework.response import Response
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@api_view(['POST'])
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@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
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def add_to_cart(request):
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"""将产品添加到用户购物车。"""
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product_id = request.data.get('product_id')
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quantity = request.data.get('quantity', 1)
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try:
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product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
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except Product.DoesNotExist:
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return Response(
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{'error': '产品未找到'},
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status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND
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)
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cart, _ = Cart.objects.get_or_create(user=request.user)
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CartItem.objects.create(
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cart=cart,
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product=product,
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quantity=quantity
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)
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return Response({'message': '已添加到购物车'}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
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```
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## 服务层模式（Service Layer Pattern）
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```python
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# apps/orders/services.py
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from typing import Optional
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from django.db import transaction
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from .models import Order, OrderItem
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class OrderService:
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"""订单相关业务逻辑的服务层。"""
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@staticmethod
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@transaction.atomic
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def create_order(user, cart: Cart) -> Order:
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"""从购物车创建订单。"""
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order = Order.objects.create(
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user=user,
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total_price=cart.total_price
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)
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for item in cart.items.all():
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OrderItem.objects.create(
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order=order,
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product=item.product,
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quantity=item.quantity,
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price=item.product.price
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)
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# 清空购物车
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cart.items.all().delete()
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return order
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@staticmethod
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def process_payment(order: Order, payment_data: dict) -> bool:
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"""处理订单支付。"""
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# 与支付网关集成
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payment = PaymentGateway.charge(
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amount=order.total_price,
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token=payment_data['token']
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)
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if payment.success:
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order.status = Order.Status.PAID
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order.save()
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# 发送确认邮件
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OrderService.send_confirmation_email(order)
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return True
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return False
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@staticmethod
|
||
def send_confirmation_email(order: Order):
|
||
"""发送订单确认邮件。"""
|
||
# 邮件发送逻辑
|
||
pass
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 缓存策略（Caching Strategies）
|
||
|
||
### 视图级缓存
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
|
||
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
|
||
|
||
@method_decorator(cache_page(60 * 15), name='dispatch') # 15 分钟
|
||
class ProductListView(generic.ListView):
|
||
model = Product
|
||
template_name = 'products/list.html'
|
||
context_object_name = 'products'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 模板片段缓存
|
||
|
||
```django
|
||
{% load cache %}
|
||
{% cache 500 sidebar %}
|
||
... 耗时的侧边栏内容 ...
|
||
{% endcache %}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 低级缓存
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from django.core.cache import cache
|
||
|
||
def get_featured_products():
|
||
"""通过缓存获取推荐产品。"""
|
||
cache_key = 'featured_products'
|
||
products = cache.get(cache_key)
|
||
|
||
if products is None:
|
||
products = list(Product.objects.filter(is_featured=True))
|
||
cache.set(cache_key, products, timeout=60 * 15) # 15 分钟
|
||
|
||
return products
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### QuerySet 缓存
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
from django.core.cache import cache
|
||
|
||
def get_popular_categories():
|
||
cache_key = 'popular_categories'
|
||
categories = cache.get(cache_key)
|
||
|
||
if categories is None:
|
||
categories = list(Category.objects.annotate(
|
||
product_count=Count('products')
|
||
).filter(product_count__gt=10).order_by('-product_count')[:20])
|
||
cache.set(cache_key, categories, timeout=60 * 60) # 1 小时
|
||
|
||
return categories
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 信号（Signals）
|
||
|
||
### 信号模式
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# apps/users/signals.py
|
||
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
|
||
from django.dispatch import receiver
|
||
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
|
||
from .models import Profile
|
||
|
||
User = get_user_model()
|
||
|
||
@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
|
||
def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
|
||
"""当用户创建时同步创建 Profile。"""
|
||
if created:
|
||
Profile.objects.create(user=instance)
|
||
|
||
@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
|
||
def save_user_profile(sender, instance, **kwargs):
|
||
"""当用户保存时同步保存 Profile。"""
|
||
instance.profile.save()
|
||
|
||
# apps/users/apps.py
|
||
from django.apps import AppConfig
|
||
|
||
class UsersConfig(AppConfigConfig):
|
||
default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
|
||
name = 'apps.users'
|
||
|
||
def ready(self):
|
||
"""在应用准备就绪时导入信号。"""
|
||
import apps.users.signals
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 中间件（Middleware）
|
||
|
||
### 自定义中间件
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# middleware/active_user_middleware.py
|
||
import time
|
||
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
|
||
|
||
class ActiveUserMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
|
||
"""用于跟踪活跃用户的中间件。"""
|
||
|
||
def process_request(self, request):
|
||
"""处理传入请求。"""
|
||
if request.user.is_authenticated:
|
||
# 更新最后活跃时间
|
||
request.user.last_active = timezone.now()
|
||
request.user.save(update_fields=['last_active'])
|
||
|
||
class RequestLoggingMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
|
||
"""用于记录请求日志的中间件。"""
|
||
|
||
def process_request(self, request):
|
||
"""记录请求开始时间。"""
|
||
request.start_time = time.time()
|
||
|
||
def process_response(self, request, response):
|
||
"""记录请求耗时。"""
|
||
if hasattr(request, 'start_time'):
|
||
duration = time.time() - request.start_time
|
||
logger.info(f'{request.method} {request.path} - {response.status_code} - {duration:.3f}s')
|
||
return response
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 性能优化（Performance Optimization）
|
||
|
||
### 防止 N+1 查询
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# 差劲 - N+1 查询
|
||
products = Product.objects.all()
|
||
for product in products:
|
||
print(product.category.name) # 为每个产品单独进行一次查询
|
||
|
||
# 优秀 - 使用 select_related 进行单次查询
|
||
products = Product.objects.select_related('category').all()
|
||
for product in products:
|
||
print(product.category.name)
|
||
|
||
# 优秀 - 对多对多关系使用 prefetch_related
|
||
products = Product.objects.prefetch_related('tags').all()
|
||
for product in products:
|
||
for tag in product.tags.all():
|
||
print(tag.name)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 数据库索引
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
class Product(models.Model):
|
||
name = models.CharField(max_length=200, db_index=True)
|
||
slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
|
||
category = models.ForeignKey('Category', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
|
||
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
|
||
|
||
class Meta:
|
||
indexes = [
|
||
models.Index(fields=['name']),
|
||
models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
|
||
models.Index(fields=['category', 'created_at']),
|
||
]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 批量操作
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# 批量创建
|
||
Product.objects.bulk_create([
|
||
Product(name=f'Product {i}', price=10.00)
|
||
for i in range(1000)
|
||
])
|
||
|
||
# 批量更新
|
||
products = Product.objects.all()[:100]
|
||
for product in products:
|
||
product.is_active = True
|
||
Product.objects.bulk_update(products, ['is_active'])
|
||
|
||
# 批量删除
|
||
Product.objects.filter(stock=0).delete()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 快速参考
|
||
|
||
| 模式 | 描述 |
|
||
|---------|-------------|
|
||
| 分离设置（Split settings） | 区分开发/生产/测试环境配置 |
|
||
| 自定义 QuerySet | 可复用的查询方法 |
|
||
| 服务层（Service Layer） | 业务逻辑解耦 |
|
||
| 视图集（ViewSet） | REST API 端点封装 |
|
||
| 序列化器校验（Serializer validation） | 请求/响应数据的转换与验证 |
|
||
| select_related | 外键关系优化 |
|
||
| prefetch_related | 多对多关系优化 |
|
||
| 缓存优先（Cache first） | 对耗时操作进行缓存 |
|
||
| 信号（Signals） | 事件驱动的操作 |
|
||
| 中间件（Middleware） | 请求/响应拦截处理 |
|
||
|
||
记住：Django 提供了许多捷径，但对于生产级应用，架构和组织结构比简洁的代码更重要。请为可维护性而构建。
|