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142 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
142 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
---
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name: jpa-patterns
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description: Spring Boot 中用于实体设计、关联关系、查询优化、事务、审计、索引、分页和连接池的 JPA/Hibernate 模式。
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---
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# JPA/Hibernate 模式
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用于 Spring Boot 中的数据建模、存储层(Repositories)开发和性能调优。
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## 实体设计(Entity Design)
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```java
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@Entity
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@Table(name = "markets", indexes = {
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@Index(name = "idx_markets_slug", columnList = "slug", unique = true)
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})
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@EntityListeners(AuditingEntityListener.class)
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public class MarketEntity {
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@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
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private Long id;
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@Column(nullable = false, length = 200)
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private String name;
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@Column(nullable = false, unique = true, length = 120)
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private String slug;
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@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
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private MarketStatus status = MarketStatus.ACTIVE;
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@CreatedDate private Instant createdAt;
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@LastModifiedDate private Instant updatedAt;
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}
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```
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启用审计(Auditing):
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```java
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@Configuration
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@EnableJpaAuditing
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class JpaConfig {}
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```
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## 关联关系与 N+1 问题预防
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```java
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@OneToMany(mappedBy = "market", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
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private List<PositionEntity> positions = new ArrayList<>();
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```
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- 默认使用懒加载(Lazy loading);必要时在查询中使用 `JOIN FETCH`
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- 避免在集合上使用立即加载(`EAGER`);对于读取路径,优先使用 DTO 投影(Projections)
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```java
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@Query("select m from MarketEntity m left join fetch m.positions where m.id = :id")
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Optional<MarketEntity> findWithPositions(@Param("id") Long id);
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```
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## 存储层模式(Repository Patterns)
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```java
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public interface MarketRepository extends JpaRepository<MarketEntity, Long> {
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Optional<MarketEntity> findBySlug(String slug);
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@Query("select m from MarketEntity m where m.status = :status")
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Page<MarketEntity> findByStatus(@Param("status") MarketStatus status, Pageable pageable);
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}
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```
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- 使用投影(Projections)进行轻量级查询:
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```java
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public interface MarketSummary {
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Long getId();
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String getName();
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MarketStatus getStatus();
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}
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Page<MarketSummary> findAllBy(Pageable pageable);
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```
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## 事务(Transactions)
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- 使用 `@Transactional` 注解 Service 方法
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- 在读取路径上使用 `@Transactional(readOnly = true)` 进行优化
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- 谨慎选择传播行为(Propagation);避免长事务
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```java
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@Transactional
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public Market updateStatus(Long id, MarketStatus status) {
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MarketEntity entity = repo.findById(id)
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.orElseThrow(() -> new EntityNotFoundException("Market"));
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entity.setStatus(status);
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return Market.from(entity);
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}
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```
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## 分页(Pagination)
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```java
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PageRequest page = PageRequest.of(pageNumber, pageSize, Sort.by("createdAt").descending());
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Page<MarketEntity> markets = repo.findByStatus(MarketStatus.ACTIVE, page);
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```
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对于游标式分页(Cursor-like pagination),请在 JPQL 中包含 `id > :lastId` 并配合排序。
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## 索引与性能
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- 为常用过滤器(`status`、`slug`、外键)添加索引(Indexing)
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- 使用匹配查询模式的复合索引(Composite indexes,如 `status, created_at`)
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- 避免使用 `select *`;仅投影所需的列
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- 使用 `saveAll` 并配置 `hibernate.jdbc.batch_size` 进行批量写入
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## 连接池(Connection Pooling - HikariCP)
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推荐属性:
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```
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spring.datasource.hikari.maximum-pool-size=20
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spring.datasource.hikari.minimum-idle=5
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spring.datasource.hikari.connection-timeout=30000
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spring.datasource.hikari.validation-timeout=5000
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```
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对于 PostgreSQL 的 LOB 处理,请添加:
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```
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spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.jdbc.lob.non_contextual_creation=true
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```
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## 缓存(Caching)
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- 一级缓存(1st-level cache)是基于 EntityManager 的;避免跨事务保留实体
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- 对于读多写少的实体,谨慎考虑二级缓存(2nd-level cache);验证逐出策略(Eviction strategy)
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## 数据迁移(Migrations)
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- 使用 Flyway 或 Liquibase;在生产环境中绝不要依赖 Hibernate 的自动 DDL
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- 保持迁移是幂等(Idempotent)且具有增量性的;避免在没有计划的情况下删除列
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## 测试数据访问
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- 优先使用 `@DataJpaTest` 配合 Testcontainers 来模拟生产环境
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- 使用日志断言 SQL 效率:设置 `logging.level.org.hibernate.SQL=DEBUG` 以及 `logging.level.org.hibernate.orm.jdbc.bind=TRACE` 以查看参数值
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**记住**:保持实体精简、查询意图明确且事务简短。通过抓取策略(Fetch strategies)和投影(Projections)来防止 N+1 问题,并针对读/写路径建立索引。
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